Awhile versus A While - Commonly Confused Words

Its easy to confuse the adverb awhile with the two-word noun phrase a while: the main difference between them is grammatical.The adverb awhile (one word) means for a short time: Stay awhile. The noun phrase a while (two words) refers to a period of time: I sat for a while and waited. Also, see the usage notes below. Examples Before removing the radiator cap, wait awhile for the engine to cool.I havent been to a football game in a long while. Usage Notes Awhile is an adverb, with the same meaning as the adverbial prepositional phrase for a while: Lets rest awhile; Lets rest for a while. When for a while cannot be substituted for awhile, awhile should be a while: spend a while with me. When for occurs, awhile should not follow; Stay for awhile should be Stay for a while or Stay awhile.(Edward Johnson, The Handbook of Good English. Washington Square Press, 1991)As a noun, spell it as two words:  a while. As an adverb, spell it as one:  awhile.(Bryan Garner, Garners Modern American Usage. Oxford University Press, 2009) Practice (a) Lifes short. If you dont look around once in _____ you might miss it.(Ferris Bueller in the movie  Ferris Buellers Day Off, 1986)(b) Merdine invited me to stay ____ longer, but it was getting late. Answers to Practice Exercises: Awhile and A While a) Lifes short. If you dont look around once in a while you might miss it. (Ferris Bueller)(b) Merdine invited me to stay awhile longer, but it was getting late.   Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words

Psychological Disorders And Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Psychological disorder or mental disorder is a mind imbalance involving behaviors, thoughts and emotions that cause significant distress to self or other. Great distress means that the person is unable to meet their needs, is a danger to himself and others, or the person is unable to function properly. There are various categories of psychological disorders including, anxiety disorder, somatoform disorder, dissociative disorder, mood disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, personality disorders, cognitive disorders, eating disorders (Cave, 2002). These disorders are discussed below. Anxiety disorders. Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling of vulnerability, fear, and apprehension. Its symptoms include trembling, inability to†¦show more content†¦Post-traumatic stress disorder manifests itself through the experience of traumatic experiences, increased arousal, diminished interests in daily activities and avoiding reminders of the causes of the trauma. While an obsessive-compulsive disorder is a state of being preoccupied with a certain compulsive performance of given behaviors and individual thoughts. Somatoform disorder presents itself through the physical dysfunction symptoms with no identifiable organic cause. It comprises conversion disorder and hypochondriasis. Conversion disorder or hysteria manifests itself through physical dysfunctions such as deafness, blindness, paralysis, numbness among others. It allows escape from anxiety activities that are provoking(Cave, 2002. On the other hand, hypochondriasis symptoms include a person having a belief that he/she has a severe illness that is not proven medically. It involves interpreting a small sickness such as a headache to be a significant illness such as a brain tumor though no medical tests supports this interpretation. Dissociative disorders occur when a part of an individual s personality separates from his/her other parts. These leads to lack of consciousness, memory loss and lack of integration of identity. It comprises of dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Dissociative amnesia occurs

Computer Organization and Architecture Embedded Systems †Sample

Questions: 1. Explain embedded systems 2. Show the fetch-execute cycles for the following segment of instructions assuming that the following values are present just prior to execution:Program Counter: 65Value in memory location 65: 590Value in memory location 66: 192Value in memory location 67: 390Value in memory location 90: 111Value in memory location 92: 222a. Show clearly the beginning and end of fetch cycleb. The contents of every register at the end of each instruction cyclec. List all the registers you have used and explain their purpose 3. Explain the concept behind pipelining 4. Explain three technical issues why superscalar processing complicates the design of a CPU? Answer: 1. Embedded System An embedded system is a either a programmable or a fixed in capability combination of computer software and hardware. An embedded system is built to perform some specific tasks. These types of systems are found in automobiles, industrial machines, household appliances, digital camera, medical equipment, airlines, toys, vending machines, elevators and mobile phones etc. There are huge number of applications of embedded systems in different industries. There may be some kind of programming interface on the programmable embedded systems (Marwedel, 2010). There is a groups of programmers specialized for programming embedded systems. They are called as embedded system programmer. Some types of operating systems are specially tailored for embedded system programming. For example, Windows XP Embedded, Embedded Java etc. are such types of programming languages. With the advancement in digital circuit technologies and ICs, there are lots of options for inexpensive yet robust microprocessors. But the storage capacity of these microprocessors are limited. For consumer targeted embedded systems, these microprocessors are used. On embedded systems operating system and applications are integrated due to limited computing resources. The applications are programmed into the system memory permanently. This is not similar to personal computers. (Lee Seshia, 2011) There may be two types of microprocessors used in an embedded system. Those types are either ordinary microprocessors where the ICs for memory and peripherals are separated or the microcontrollers where all peripherals are on the chips. Microcontrollers have reduced size, power consumption and costs lesser. There are various types of software architectures available for embedded systems. Those software architecture are simple control loop, interrupt based control systems, co-operative multi-tasking, multi- threading or pre-emptive multi-tasking. There are other types like micro kernel, exokernel, monolithic kernel etc. (White, 2011) Sometimes, security becomes primary focus of some embedded system, then those are developed based on some customized operating system. There may be no user interface to limited user interface on embedded systems. (Ganssle Ball, 2008) 2. Prior to the execution the values in program counter and other memory locations are, (Mano Ciletti, 2008) Program counter 65 Value in memory location 65 590 (Load 90) Value in memory location 66 192 (Add 92) Value in memory location 67 390 (Store 90) Value in memory location 90 111 Value in memory location 92 222 In the fetch cycle, the value from memory location 65 will be fetched and the program counter value will be increased by 1. Now the values in PC and other memory locations are, Program counter 66 Value in memory location 65 590 (Load 90) Value in memory location 66 192 (Add 92) Value in memory location 67 390 (Store 90) Value in memory location 90 111 Value in memory location 92 222 Then the fetched instruction from 65 will be decoded and, it is load 90. Thus the value from 90 will be loaded to the system. The value fetched from 90 is 111. In the next cycle, content from 66 will be fetched. The program counter value will be increased by 1. Thus it will be 67. The content fetched from 66 is 192. It will add 92 with 111. The result will be 203. In the next cycle, value from 67 will be fetched. It is 390 or store at 90. So the program counter will become 91 and the memory location 91 will have 203 as its value. The final arrangements will be, Program counter 91 Value in memory location 65 590 (Load 90) Value in memory location 66 192 (Add 92) Value in memory location 67 390 (Store 90) Value in memory location 90 203 Value in memory location 92 222 3. Pipelining In computer terminologies, pipeline refers to a set of elements that supports a series of data processing tasks where input to a task is output from the previous task. These elements of a pipeline may be organized in parallel or in series using some time sliced mechanism. There may be some use of buffers to hold intermediary data between two tasks. In general, the concept of pipelining has come from the concept of industrial pipelines. (Patterson Hennessy, 2013) In computing, there are various applications of pipelining. Some of those applications are, Software pipeline, in this case, commands are written in such a way that output from a command will be used as input to another. The concept of pipe in UNIX operating systems is an example of software pipelining. There are other operating systems that supports the concept of pipes as well. Graphics pipeline used in graphical processing units or GPUs. A graphical processing unit will consist of number of CPUs or arithmetic units. These units work on different stages of different rendering operations like window clipping, perspective projection, light and color calculation etc. Instruction pipelining is probably the most common and widely used pipelining concept in computing. The RISC pipelining is the more common pipelining used in CPUs. It supports in execution of instructions in an overlapping fashion using the same hardware circuitry. The available circuitry is divided into multiple stages, like instruction fetch, decode, register fetch, execution, write back etc. Each stage executes one instruction at a time. (Hwang, 2011) Instruction pipelining technique is used to increase the throughput of the execution of instructions. That is the number of instructions executed in a unit of time will be more. The instruction cycle of a system will be broken into multiple stages in pipelining. As multiple operations are performed in different stages at the same time, thus the throughput will be increased. There may be more latency as there will be some operational overhead, like flushing the buffer registers etc. So, there is a tradeoff. In terms of latency, throughput will be increased. In real time systems, latency is not tolerable, thus pipelining cannot be used there. Usually, in an instruction pipeline, the stages are inter-dependent. The first stage is about fetching an instruction from the memory of the system, then it decodes the instruction, fetches operands from memory, executes the instruction and writes back the results into memory. In pipelining, processors are kept busy all time as much as possible. Thus the system is productive most of the time. But there may be stalling when it is not possible to execute the instructions in parallel. Based on the behavior of pipelines, there may be two types of pipelining, linear and non-linear pipelining. In linear pipelining, a series or processing steps are arranged in a linear fashion. It helps in performing some function on some data stream. In execution of instructions, computation of arithmetic instructions and access to memory can be accomplished by this type of pipelining. On the other hand, there is non-linear type of pipelining or dynamic pipelining. This type of pipelining is used for performing different functions at different times. There may be feedback connection or feed forward connection in a dynamic pipelining. Dynamic pipelining supports execution of longer instructions. (Godse Godse, 2010) 4. In superscalar architecture, several instructions can be executed simultaneously on the same stages during execution. There are more than one execution units in the superscalar processors to supports the simultaneous processing. More than one instructions can be executed in parallel during the execution and it improves throughput. However, there are several issues with designing superscalar architecture and these issues makes the CPU design process complicated. Three issues are, Out of order processing, when the execution of instructions are completed in wrong order. Branch processing, where the flow of the program changes according to the branching decision. Conflicts on consuming CPU resources like registers. In out of order processing a later instruction that is dependent on some earlier instruction, is executed in out of order. These issues are known as dependency hazards, data dependency etc. There are various techniques to solve these problems. There are some CPUs that suspends the later instruction until the previous one is completed and some CPU supports looking ahead. (Shen Lipasti, 2013) In branch processing, there may be two scenarios. Either there will be an unconditional branching that will start executing just after the fetch. Or a conditional branching. In conditional branching, the branching decision is pending till execution of it. This issue is known as branch dependency. To deal with this dependency, a method called speculative execution is used. It helps in preventing errors causing from branch dependencies. Some solutions include, introduction of more registers, delaying the execution of instruction till all dependency issues are resolved, transferring content of registers to memory locations if there is no dependency or starting all over if there is dependency. Sometimes programmers are needed to ensure that there will be no such dependency. Conflicting accesses to resources happen when there is simultaneous access request to registers etc. some common solutions to this problem are renaming the registers logically and copying the content to the actual physical register after completion of the instruction. (Godse Godse, 2010) References Chu, Y. (2014). High-Level Language Computer Architecture. Academic Press. Ganssle, J. G., Ball, S. R. (2008). Embedded Systems. Newnes. Godse, A. P., Godse, D. A. (2010). Computer Organization And Architecture. Technical Publications. Hwang, K. (2011). Advanced Computer Architecture. McGraw-Hill. Lee, E. A., Seshia, S. A. (2011). Introduction to Embedded Systems. Lee Seshia. Mano, Ciletti. (2008). Digital Design. Pearson . Marwedel, P. (2010). Embedded System Design. Springer . Patterson, D. A., Hennessy, J. L. (2013). Computer Organization and Design. Newnes. Shen, J. P., Lipasti, M. H. (2013). Modern Processor Design. Waveland Press. White, E. (2011). Making Embedded Systems. O'Reilly Media, Inc.

Zavier Bacote Essays - Sports, Medicine, Neurotrauma,

Zavier Bacote ENG 111 Sarah Bruton 16 January 2018 Rhetorical Analysis Draft : Beware the Classroom Costs of Sports Head Injuries In the article Beware the Classroom Costs of Sports Head Injuries by Hallie Zwibel and Heron-Burke they talk about concussion and the impact it can have on a young athlete, and the types of cognitive disabilities they could be affected by from head injuries. As a former athlete, this article I can really relate to because of the many amounts of concussions I have endured and the impact it can have when I'm trying to remember something or try to learn something. For about 4 years I have played high school football and though the four years I have always had trouble when it came to studying because I could never remember anything, and test taking because I couldn't remembered what I studied. For many years I have ignored my concussion just like Molly Poletto, and in doing that it hasn't been good to me when it came to learning and remembering. High School football and high school sport s in general have found new ways for student athletes to prevent concussions and for them to find out if they have one. Concussions can cause many mood swings that can really affect the way you do things academically . In the article they show survey results revealing school that try to help with diagnosing concussions a try to prevent them and the results show seven in ten schools had annual process for educating and providing student athletes about concussions. The NCAA is really cracking down on ways programs treat their athletes after and before having a concussion. NCAA pr ograms follow the standard concussion protocol program called return-to-learn, which provides neurologic exams and tests for vision and memory, it was made to determine if students can return after a concussion (ZWIBEL 2). College involves lots of time, studying , and learning and for student athletes it is a lot more harder , because they have to balance their sports and school work, and that can be very stressful and a lot of times tiring. That's why being a student athlete is the most time consuming and tiring thing to do being a student in college, that's why it is very important to monitor concussions that happen to student athletes because of the symptoms like anxiety and depression that can affect a whole students college mindset and the way they learn. The story of Molly Poletto to me has changed the way the NCAA treats students suffering from concussion while in school. And more and more collegiate programs are involved in trying to help student athletes concussion issues that involve them academically struggling. Over the years , many professional athletes had to retire early because of concussion systems they are experiencing since they were collegiate athletes, and if really not treated right early the concussions symptoms that was discussed can turn into something far worst that can affect your whole livelihood , called CTE which is a disease that kills many athletes because of the concussions they have had wasn't treated right. So many collegiate programs should really help there student athletes out and treat concussions before they affect athletes lives. WORK CITED By Hallie Zwibel and Alice Heron-Burke On 1/6/16 at 5:20 PM Hallie Zwibel is director of New York Institute of Technology Center for Sports Medicine, where Alice Heron-Burke is senior director of counseling and wellness https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1u-8Phjm-uN73zwhCnM0s-_n6M5AMmXDT